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Constants

Formulae

Data

Examination Board	GCSE	IGCSE	GCE
AQA	Some formulae are expected to be momorised, others are given in the exam paper (see Specification, Section 9, Appendix A. page 101)	Equation Sheet Insert	Physics data & formulae
Edexcel	TBC	Formulae NOT given in exam Example of those GIVEN in exam	List of data, formulae & relationships
OCR	TBC	TBC	Data, Formulae & Relationships Booklet
JWEC	TBC	TBC	Data Booklet (example)
CCEA	TBC	TBC	DATA & FORMULAE SHEET

Data Sheet for 2011, Akrill. T et al, Practice in Physics, 4^th edition, Hodder Education, London

Physical Constants

	Symbol	Value	Unit

Magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at Earth surface	g	9.81	ms^-2
Newton's universal gravitational constant	G	6.674 × 10^-11	Nm²kg^{^-2}
Avogadro's Constant	N_{_A} or L	6.022 × 10²³	mol^-1
Boltsmann's Constant	k	1.381 × 10^-23	JK^-1
molar gas constant	R	8.314	JK^-1mol^-1
permittivity of free space	ε₀	8.854 × 10^-12	C²N^-1m^-2
	$k = \frac{1}{4 π ε_{0}}$	8.988 × 10⁹	Nm²C^-2
Permeability of free space	μ₀	$4 π \times 10^{-7}$	TmA^-1
Speed of Light in vacuo	c	$2.998 \times 10^{8}$	ms^-1
Planck's Constant	h	$6.626 \times 10^{-34}$	Js
Reduced Planck's Constant	$ℏ = \frac{h}{2 π}$	$1.055 \times 10^{-34}$	Js
Rydberg constant	R	$1.097 \times 10^{7}$	m^-1 ^[1]
Bohr Radius	a₀	$5.292 \times 10^{-11}$	m

The full description of unit m^-1 is cycles or periods per meter.

Physical Formulae

Constant Velocity Equation
$v = \frac{s}{t}$	$s$ is the displacement (or distance); $v$ is the velocity (or speed); $t$ is the time taken.
Constant Acceleration Equations or SUVAT
$v = u + a t$ $s = v t - \frac{1}{2} a t^{2}$ $s = u t + \frac{1}{2} a t^{2}$ $s = \frac{u + v}{2} t$ $v^{2} = u^{2} + 2 a s$ See also SUVAT table	$s$ is the displacement; $u$ is the initial velocity; $v$ is the final velocity; $a$ is the acceleration; $t$ is the time taken.
Circular Motion
$ω = \| \frac{d θ}{d t} \| = \frac{2 π}{T}$ $v = \frac{2 π r}{T} = ω r$ $a = ω v = ω^{2} r = \frac{v^{2}}{r}$ $ω = 2 π f = \frac{2 π}{T}$	$ω$ is the angular speed (or angular frequency) in radians per second; $θ$ is the angle moved through in radians; $T$ is the time period in seconds. $v$ is the speed in metres per second; $r$ is the radius of the circular path; $a$ is the centripetal acceleration; $f$ is the frequency in hertz;
Simple Harmonic Motion
$x (t) = A \sin (ω t + φ)$ $a = \frac{d^{2} x (t)}{d t^{2}} = - ω^{2} x (t)$	$x$ is the displacement from equilibrium in metres; $t$ is the time from start in seconds; $A$ is the amplitude of the oscillation in metres; $ω$ is the angular frequency in radians per second; $φ$ is the phase difference in radians.
Newton's Second Law
$F = m a = \frac{d p}{d t}$	$F$ is the force on the object being accelerated in newtons; $m$ is the mass of the object in kilograms; $a$ is the acceleration of the object metres per second squared; $p$ is the momentum in newton seconds; $t$ is the time in seconds.

Data

Class	Name	Symbol	Rest Energy /MeV
photon	photon	γ	0
lepton	electron neutrino	ν_e	0
lepton	electron	e	0.5110

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